WHAT IS ZOOLOGY?

Zoology is derived form two Greek words. Gr zoon + logos, to study. The study of animals is called Zoology.

There is a great variety of animals and complex processes occurring within them. So it is one of the broadest fields in all of sciences. There are over 2 millions of animal species. There are over 20,000 described species of bony fishes and over 300,000 described species of beetles. Therefore, zoologists usually specialize in one or more of the branch of zoology. They may study particular functional, structural, or ecological aspects or more animal groups Or they may choose to specialize in a particular group of animals.

Example of studies in Zoology

The study of fishes is called Ichthyology. The scientist who studies fishes is called ichthyologists. He works to understand the structure, function, ecology, and evolution of fishes. These studies have ,evealed a great diversity of fishes. One large group of fishes’is cichlids It is found in Africa (1.000 species), Central and South ‘America (300 species). India (3 species) and North America (1 species). Members of this group have a great variety of color patterns habitats, and body forms.

Feeding habits: Ichthyologists have described a wide variety of feeding habits in cichlids. These fish include

(a)    Algae scrapers like Eretmodus. It cut algae with chisel-like teeth

(b)    Insect pickers. like Tanganicodus

(c)    Scale eaters. like Perissodus

All cichlids have two pairs of jaws. The mouth jaws are used for scraping or grinding of food and the throat jaws are used for crushing or macerating food before swallowing.

Reproduction: Many cichlids brood their young in their mouth. A female takes eggs into her mouth. She then inhales spent released by the male. Feert’lization and development take place within the female s mouth. Even after fte eggs hatch, young are taken back into me mouth of the female if danger comes. Hundreds of variations in color pattern body form, and behavior are nrpcpnt in this family of fishes.

It shows the remarkable diversity present in one relatively small branch of the animal kingdom. Zoologists are working around the world to understand and preserve the enormous diversity.

Examples of specialization in zoology

1. Anatomy: The study of the structure of entire organisms and their parts is called anatomy.
2. Cytology: The study of the structure and function of cells is called cytology.
3. Ecology: The study of the .intcraction of organisms with their environment is called ecology.
4. Embryology: The study of the development an animal from the fertilized egg to birth or hatching is called embryology.
5. Genetics: The study of the mechanisms of transmission of traits from parents to offspring is called genetics.
6. ..Histology: The study of tissues is called histology.
7. Molecular biology: The study of sub-cellular details of animal structure and function is called molecular biology.
8. Parasitology: The study of animals that live in or on other organisms at the expense of the host is called parasitology.
9. Physiology: The study of the function of organisms and their parts is called physiology.

10.Systematics: The study of the classification and the evolutionary Interrelationships among animal groups is called Systematics.

Examples of specialization in zoology by Taxonomic categories

1. Entomology: The study insect is called entomology.
2. Herpetology: The study of amphibians and reptiles is called herpetology.
3. Ichthyology: The study of fishes is called Ichthyology.
4. Mammalogy: The study of mammals is called mammalogy.
5. Ornithology: The study of birds is called ornithology.
6. Protozoology: The study of protozoa is called protozoology.

Classification of animals

This classification system was given by Robert Whittaker In this system animals are placed in two kingdoms:

Protoctista: The protozoans are placed in the kingdom Protoctista (Protista)

•- Animalia: All other animal are placed in the kingdom Animalia. These animals are multicellular, diploid. eukaryotic and ingestive heterotrophs. They develop from two dissimilar haploid gametes. The large gamete is called egg and the small gamete is called sperm.

(1)       Sub-kingdom Parazoa ( phylum porifera)

Parazoa lack tissue organ organization. They have indeterminate shape. So they are asymmetrical,

(2)       Sub-kingdom Eumetazoa

‘These animals have tissue organ and organ system organizations. All animals of other multicellular phyla are included in this group. This sub-kingdom I divided into two groups on the basis of their symmetry:

1 Radiate

he animals with i3l symmetry are included in this group. They have simple organization. The phylum Cnidarian (coelenterate) belongs to this group.

Bilateral

hey have bilateral symmetry. Most of the phyla (29 phyla) belong to this group. hese animals are divided into three groups on the basis of coelom or body.

Acoelomata: These animals are without body cavity. e.g. Phylum. Platyhelminths.

ii)        Pseudocoelomata: These animals have false coelom. The false coelom is called .pseudocoel, e.g. Phylum Nematoda.

iii)    Coelomata: These animals have true coelom. e.g. Phylum Chordata

SCIENTIFIC METHODS

zoology is a natural science. The word science is derived from a Latin verb eaning to know. The knowledge of science is based on observations and experiments. Thus science is a way of knowing. There are different steps of cientific method. The scientific method is based on the hypothetical-deductive method.

Hypothesis

The first part of this method is hypothesis. Hypothesis a tentative (untested) answer to some question or it is an explanation on trial. A hypothesis can be made by two methods:

a) Deductive reasoning: It moves from general to specific. In this case results are drawn from certain general rules.

(b) Inductive reasoning: It moves from specific to general. In this case, general law or rules are formed on the basis of specific observation.

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